Obs. Before the first official edition of Copa Libertadores (held in 1960), Conmebol
organized an experimental South American Clubs Championship in 1948.
Overall participations
24 Palmeiras
22 Grêmio
22 São Paulo
20 Flamengo
17 Corinthians
17 Cruzeiro
16 Santos
15 Internacional
14 Atlético Mineiro
10 Fluminense
10 Vasco [9 official editions plus the 1948 tournament]
9 Athletico Paranaense
6 Botafogo
3 Bahia
3 Guarani
3 São Caetano
2 Chapecoense
2 Coritiba
2 Fortaleza
2 Red Bull Bragantino
2 Sport
1 América-MG
1 Bangu
1 Criciúma
1 Goiás
1 Juventude
1 Náutico
1 Paraná
1 Paulista
1 Paysandu
1 Santo André
Consecutive participations
9 years: Palmeiras (2016-2024)
8 years: Flamengo (2017-2024)
7 years: São Paulo (2004-2010)
6 years: Grêmio (2016-2021)
5 years: Atlético Mineiro (2013-2017)
4 years: Santos (1962-1965)
Flamengo (1981-1984)
Grêmio (1995-1998)
Cruzeiro (2008-2011)
Corinthians (2010-2013)
Atlético Mineiro (2021-2024)
Fluminense (2021-2024)
3 years: Cruzeiro (1975-1977)
Grêmio (1982-1984)
São Paulo (1992-1994)
Palmeiras (1999-2001)
Santos (2003-2005)
Internacional (2010-2012)
Fluminense (2011-2013)
Internacional (2019-2021)
Participations by edition (South American Clubs Championship)
1948: CR Vasco da Gama (winner of Rio de Janeiro Championship 1947) [*]
[*] CBD awarded the Brazilian berth to the 1947 Rio de Janeiro champions because Rio de
Janeiro had won the 1946 Brazilian Championship of State Teams.
A CBD concedeu a vaga ao Campeão Carioca de 1947 em razão de a Seleção Carioca ter sido
a vencedora do Campeonato Brasileiro de Seleções Estaduais de 1946.
Participations by edition (official Copa Libertadores editions)
1960: EC Bahia (winner of Taça Brasil 1959)
1961: SE Palmeiras (winner of Taça Brasil 1960)
1962: Santos FC (winner of Taça Brasil 1961)
1963: Santos FC (winner of Taça Brasil 1962 and Taça Libertadores 1962)
Botafogo FR (runner-up of Taça Brasil 1962, "replacing" Santos)
1964: Santos FC (winner of Taça Brasil 1963 and Taça Libertadores 1963)
EC Bahia (runner-up of Taça Brasil 1963, "replacing" Santos)
1965: Santos FC (winner of Taça Brasil 1964)
1966: Santos FC (winner of Taça Brasil 1965) - withdrew (desistiu)
CR Vasco da Gama (runner-up of Taça Brasil 1965) - withdrew (desistiu)
1967: Cruzeiro EC (winner of Taça Brasil 1966)
Santos FC (runner-up of Taça Brasil 1966) - withdrew (desistiu)
1968: SE Palmeiras (winner of Taça Brasil 1967)
C Náutico C (runner-up of Taça Brasil 1967)
1969: Santos FC (winner of Taça de Prata/Roberto Gomes Pedrosa Tournament 1968) [**]
SC Internacional (runner-up of Taça de Prata/Roberto Gomes Pedrosa Tournament 1968) [**]
1970: GE Maringá (winner of Torneio dos Campeões 1969) [**]
Botafogo FR (runner-up of Torneio dos Campeões 1969) [**]
[**] Originally, the berths in Taça Libertadores 1969 would be awarded to winner and
runner-up of Taça Brasil 1968. In December/1968, however, noting that Taça Brasil 1968
would not end before the start of Taça Libertadores 1969, CBD stated that the Brazilian
berths would be filled by the winner and runner-up of Taça de Prata 1968.
Later, in 23/12/1968, CBD declared that no Brazilian club would play in Taça Libertadores
1969, since Brazil disagreed of the format of the tournament, whose dates would conflict
with the preparatives of Seleção Brasileira to the 1970 World Cup Qualifying matches.
Originalmente, as vagas na Taça Libertadores 1969 seriam concedidas ao campeão e ao
vice-campeão da Taça Brasil 1968. Em dezembro de 1968, porém, percebendo que a Taça
Brasil 1968 não terminaria antes do início da Taça Libertadores 1969, a CBD decidiu que
as vagas brasileiras seriam preenchidas pelo campeão e pelo vice-campeão da Taça de
Prata 1968.
Posteriormente, em 23/12/1968, a CBD declarou que nenhum clube brasileiro disputaria a
Taça Libertadores 1969, pois o Brasil discordava da fórmula de disputa do torneio, cujas
datas atrapalhariam a preparação da Seleção Brasileira para as Eliminatórias para a Copa
do Mundo de 1970.
Yet in december/1968, when CBD gave the berths in Taça Libertadores 1969 to the winner
and runner-up of Taça de Prata 1968, the president of Botafogo FR suggested that the
winner and runner-up of Taça Brasil 1968 (which ended only in december/1969) would be
qualified to Taça Libertadores 1970.
This suggestion was somehow accepted, when CBD decided to give the berths in Taça
Libertadores 1970 to the finalists of teh newly created Torneio dos Campeões. Since
the champion of Taça Brasil would enter directly in Torneio dos Campeões' final, one
of the berths was guaranteed as, at least, runner-up. However, CBD eventually decided
to maintain Brazilian clubs out of Taça Libertadores 1970, still in disagree of the
format of the tournament.
Ainda em dezembro de 1968, quando a CBD passou as vagas na Taça Libertadores 1969 ao
campeão e ao vice-campeão da Taça de Prata 1968, o presidente do Botafogo sugeriu que
o campeão e o vice-campeão da Taça Brasil de 1968 (que só viria a terminar em dezembro
de 1969) fossem classificados para a Taça Libertadores 1970.
Essa sugestão foi de certa forma acatada quando a CBF decidiu conceder as vagas à Taça
Libertadores aos finalistas do recém-criado Torneio dos Campeões. Como o campeão da Taça
Brasil entraria diretamente na final do Torneio dos Campeões, uma das vagas já lhe estaria
garantida como, no mínimo, vice-campeão. Contudo, a CBD acabou não inscrevendo clubes
brasileiros na Taça Libertadores 1970, ainda por discordância do formato do torneio.
1971: Fluminense FC (winner of Taça de Prata/Roberto Gomes Pedrosa Tournament 1970)
SE Palmeiras (runner-up of Taça de Prata/Roberto Gomes Pedrosa Tournament 1970)
1972: C Atlético Mineiro (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1971)
São Paulo FC (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 1971)
1973: SE Palmeiras (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1972)
Botafogo FR (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 1972)
1974: SE Palmeiras (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1973)
Sáo Paulo FC (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 1973)
1975: CR Vasco da Gama (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1974)
Cruzeiro EC (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 1974)
1976: SC Internacional (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1975)
Cruzeiro EC (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 1975)
1977: Cruzeiro EC (winner of Taça Libertadores 1976)
SC Internacional (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1976)
SC Corinthians P (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 1976)
1978: São Paulo FC (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1977)
C Atlético Mineiro (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 1977)
1979: Guarani FC (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1978)
SE Palmeiras (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 1978)
1980: SC Internacional (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1979)
CR Vasco da Gama (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 1979)
1981: CR Flamengo (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1980)
C Atlético Mineiro (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 1980)
1982: CR Flamengo (winner of Taça Libertadores 1981)
Grêmio FBPA (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1981)
São Paulo FC (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 1981)
1983: CR Flamengo (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1982)
Grêmio FBPA (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 1982)
1984: Grêmio FBPA (winner of Taça Libertadores 1983)
CR Flamengo (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1983)
Santos FC (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 1983)
1985: Fluminense FC (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1984)
CR Vasco da Gama (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 1984)
1986: Coritiba FC (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1985)
Bangu AC (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 1985)
1987: São Paulo FC (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1986)
Guarani FC (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 1986)
1988: Sport C Recife (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1987)
Guarani FC (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 1987)
1989: EC Bahia (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1988)
SC Internacional (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 1988)
1990: CR Vasco da Gama (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1989)
Grêmio FBPA (winner of Copa do Brasil 1989)
1991: SC Corinthians P (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1990)
CR Flamengo (winner of Copa do Brasil 1990)
1992: São Paulo FC (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1991)
Criciúma EC (winner of Copa do Brasil 1991)
1993: São Paulo FC (winner of Taça Libertadores 1992)
CR Flamengo (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1992)
SC Internacional (winner of Copa do Brasil 1992)
1994: São Paulo FC (winner of Taça Libertadores 1993)
SE Palmeiras (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1993)
Cruzeiro EC (winner of Copa do Brasil 1993)
1995: SE Palmeiras (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1994)
Grêmio FBPA (winner of Copa do Brasil 1994)
1996: Grêmio FBPA (winner of Taça Libertadores 1995)
Botafogo FR (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1995)
SC Corinthians P (winner of Copa do Brasil 1995)
1997: Grêmio FBPA (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1996)
Cruzeiro EC (winner of Copa do Brasil 1996)
1998: Cruzeiro EC (winner of Taça Libertadores 1997)
CR Vasco da Gama (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1997)
Grêmio FBPA (winner of Copa do Brasil 1997)
1999: CR Vasco da Gama (winner of Taça Libertadores 1998)
SC Corinthians P (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1998)
SE Palmeiras (winner of Copa do Brasil 1998)
2000: SE Palmeiras (winner of Taça Libertadores 1999)
SC Corinthians P (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 1999)
EC Juventude (winner of Copa do Brasil 1999)
C Atlético Mineiro (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 1999)
C Atlético Paranaense (winner of Torneio Seletivo 1999)
2001: CR Vasco da Gama (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2000)
Cruzeiro EC (winner of Copa do Brasil 2000)
SE Palmeiras (winner of Copa dos Campeões Regionais 2000)
AD São Caetano (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2000)
2002: C Atlético Paranaense (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2001)
Grêmio FBPA (winner of Copa do Brasil 2001)
CR Flamengo (winner of Copa dos Campeões Regionais 2001)
AD São Caetano (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2001)
2003: Santos FC (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2002)
SC Corinthians P (winner of Copa do Brasil 2002 and runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2002)
Paysandu SC (winner of Copa dos Campeões Regionais 2002)
Grëmio FBPA (3rd place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2002, "replacing" Corinthians)
2004: Cruzeiro EC (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2003 and Copa do Brasil 2003)
Santos FC (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2003)
São Paulo FC (3rd place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2003)
AD São Caetano (4th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2003)
Coritiba FC (5th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2003, "replacing" Cruzeiro)
2005: Santos FC (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2004)
EC Santo André (winner of Copa do Brasil 2004)
C Atlético Paranaense (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2004)
São Paulo FC (3rd place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2004)
SE Palmeiras (4th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2004)
2006: São Paulo FC (winner of Taça Libertadores 2005)
SC Corinthians P (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2005)
Paulista FC (winner of Copa do Brasil 2005)
SC Internacional (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2005)
Goiás EC (3rd place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2006)
SE Palmeiras (4th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2006)
2007: SC Internacional (winner of Taça Libertadores 2006 and runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2006)
São Paulo FC (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2006)
CR Flamengo (winner of Copa do Brasil 2006)
Grêmio FBPA (3rd place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2006)
Santos FC (4th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2006)
Paraná Clube (5th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2006, "replacing" Internacional)
2008: São Paulo FC (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2007)
Fluminense FC (winner of Copa do Brasil 2007 and 4th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2007)
Santos FC (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2007)
CR Flamengo (3rd place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2007)
Cruzeiro EC (5th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2007, "replacing" Fluminense)
2009: São Paulo FC (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2008)
Sport C Recife (winner of Copa do Brasil 2008)
Grêmio FBPA (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2008)
Cruzeiro EC (3rd place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2008)
SE Palmeiras (4th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2008)
2010: CR Flamengo (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2009)
SC Corinthians P (winner of Copa do Brasil 2009)
SC Internacional (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2009)
São Paulo FC (3rd place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2009)
Cruzeiro EC (4th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2009)
2011: SC Internacional (winner of Taça Libertadores 2010)
Fluminense FC (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2010)
Santos FC (winner of Copa do Brasil 2010)
Cruzeiro EC (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2010)
SC Corinthians P (3rd place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2010)
Grêmio FBPA (4th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2010)
2012: Santos FC (winner of Taça Libertadores 2011)
SC Corinthians P (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2011)
CR Vasco da Gama (winner of Copa do Brasil 2011 and runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2011)
Fluminense FC (3rd place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2011)
CR Flamengo (4th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2011)
SC Internacional (5th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2011, "replacing" Vasco)
2013: SC Corinthians P (winner of Taça Libertadores 2012)
Fluminense FC (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2012)
SE Palmeiras (winner of Copa do Brasil 2012)
C Atlético Mineiro (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2012)
Grêmio FBPA (3rd place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2012)
São Paulo FC (4th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2012 and winner of Copa Sul-Americana 2012)
2014: C Atlético Mineiro (winner of Taça Libertadores 2013)
Cruzeiro EC (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2013)
CR Flamengo (winner of Copa do Brasil 2013)
Grêmio FBPA (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2013)
C Atlético Paranaense (3rd place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2013)
Botafogo FR (4th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2013)
2015: Cruzeiro EC (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2014)
C Atlético Mineiro (winner of Copa do Brasil 2014)
São Paulo FC (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2014)
SC Internacional (3rd place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2014)
SC Corinthians P (4th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2014)
2016: SC Corinthians P (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2015)
SE Palmeiras (winner of Copa do Brasil 2015)
C Atlético Mineiro (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2015)
Grêmio FBPA (3rd place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2015)
São Paulo FC (4th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2015)
2017: SE Palmeiras (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2016)
Grêmio FBPA (winner of Copa do Brasil 2016)
Santos FC (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2016)
CR Flamengo (3rd place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2016)
C Atlético Mineiro (4th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2016)
Botafogo FR (5th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2016)
C Atlético Paranaense (6th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2016)
A Chapecoense F (winner of Copa Sul-Americana 2016)
2018: Grêmio FBPA (winner of Taça Libertadores 2017 and 4th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2017)
SC Corinthians P (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2017)
Cruzeiro EC (winner of Copa do Brasil 2017 and 5th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2017)
SE Palmeiras (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2017)
Santos FC (3rd place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2017)
CR Flamengo (6th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2017)
CR Vasco da Gama (7th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2017, "replacing" Grêmio)
A Chapecoense F (8th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2017, "replacing" Cruzeiro)
2019: SE Palmeiras (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2018)
Cruzeiro EC (winner of Copa do Brasil 2018)
CR Flamengo (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2018)
SC Internacional (3rd place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2018)
Grêmio FBPA (4th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2018)
São Paulo FC (5th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2018)
C Atlético Mineiro (6th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2018)
C Atlético Paranaense (winner of Copa Sul-Americana 2018)
2020: CR Flamengo (winner of Taça Libertadores 2019 and winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2019)
C Athletico Paranaense (winner of Copa do Brasil 2019 and 5th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2019)
Santos FC (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2019)
SE Palmeiras (3rd place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2019)
Grêmio FBPA (4th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2019)
São Paulo FC (6th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2019)
SC Internacional (7th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2019, "replacing" Flamengo)
SC Corinthians P (8th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2019, "replacing" Athletico-PR)
2021: SE Palmeiras (winner of Taça Libertadores 2020, winner of Copa do Brasil 2020 and 7th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2020)
CR Flamengo (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2020)
SC Internacional (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2020)
C Atlético Mineiro (3rd place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2020)
São Paulo FC (4th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2020)
Fluminense FC (5th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2020)
Grêmio FBPA (6th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2020)
Santos FC (8th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2020, "replacing" Palmeiras)
2022: SE Palmeiras (winner of Taça Libertadores 2021 and 3rd place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2021)
C Athletico Paranaense (winner of Copa Sul-Americana 2021)
C Atlético Mineiro (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2021 and winner of Copa do Brasil 2021)
CR Flamengo (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2021)
Fortaleza EC (4th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2021)
SC Corinthians P (5th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2021)
Red Bull Bragantino (6th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2021)
Fluminense FC (7th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2021, "replacing" Palmeiras)
América FC (8th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2021, "replacing" Atlético-MG)
2023: CR Flamengo (winner of Taça Libertadores 2022, winner of Copa do Brasil 2022 and 5th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2022)
SE Palmeiras (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2022)
SC Internacional (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2022)
Fluminense FC (3rd place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2022)
SC Corinthians P (4th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2022)
C Athletico Paranaense (6th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2022)
C Atlético Mineiro (7th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2022, "replacing" Flamengo)
Fortaleza EC (8th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2022, "replacing" Flamengo)
2024: Fluminense FC (winner of Taça Libertadores 2023)
SE Palmeiras (winner of Campeonato Brasileiro 2023)
São Paulo FC (winner of Copa do Brasil 2023)
Grêmio FBPA (runner-up of Campeonato Brasileiro 2023)
C Atlético Mineiro (3rd place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2023)
CR Flamengo (4th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2023)
Botafogo FR (5th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2023)
Red Bull Bragantino (6th place of Campeonato Brasileiro 2023)
Participations by cities of origin (not including the 1948 tournament)
São Paulo 63 (Palmeiras 24, São Paulo 22, Corinthians 17)
Rio de Janeiro 47 (Flamengo 21, Fluminense 10, Vasco 9, Botafogo 6, Bangu 1)
Porto Alegre 37 (Grêmio 27, Internacional 15)
Belo Horizonte 32 (Cruzeiro 17, Atlético Mineiro 14, América 1)
Santos 16 (Santos 16)
Curitiba 12 (Athletico Paranaense 9, Coritiba 2, Paraná 1)
Campinas 3 (Guarani 3)
Recife 3 (Sport 2, Náutico 1)
Salvador 3 (Bahia 3)
São Caetano do Sul 3 (São Caetano 3)
Bragança Paulista 2 (Red Bull Bragantino 2)
Chapecó 2 (Chapecoense 2)
Fortaleza 2 (Fortaleza 2)
Belém 1 (Paysandu 1)
Caxias do Sul 1 (Juventude 1)
Criciúma 1 (Criciúma 1)
Goiânia 1 (Goiás 1)
Jundiaí 1 (Paulista 1)
Santo André 1 (Santo André 1)
Participations by states of origin (not including the 1948 tournament)
São Paulo 89 (São Paulo, Santos, Campinas, São Caetano do Sul, Bragança Paulista, Jundiaí, Santo André)
Rio de Janeiro 47 (Rio de Janeiro)
Rio Grande do Sul 38 (Porto Alegre, Caxias do Sul)
Minas Gerais 32 (Belo Horizonte)
Paraná 12 (Curitiba)
Bahia 3 (Salvador)
Pernambuco 3 (Recife)
Santa Catarina 3 (Chapecó, Criciúma)
Ceará 2 (Fortaleza)
Goiás 1 (Goiânia)
Pará 1 (Belém)
Prepared and maintained by Marcelo Leme de Arruda for the Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation and RSSSF Brazil
Author: Marcelo Leme de Arruda (marcelo.leme.arruda@gmail.com)
Last updated: 27 Dec 2023
(C) Copyright Marcelo Leme de Arruda, RSSSF and RSSSF Brazil 2010/2023
You are free to copy this document in whole or part provided that
proper acknowledgement is given to the author. All rights
reserved.